The Male Gaze
This was recognised by Laura Mulvey is the cinema apparatus of Hollywood which puts the audience in a masculine subject position an women are seen as the object of desire. Many films are structured on these Ideas. There are two types of male gaze "looking at whores" or "unreachables" (for example Madonna). This shows a sexist view on women as they are seen to just be there to look at and nothing else.
The Bechdal Test
This tests films on three things to see if the film is sexist against women or not:
1) It must have at least two named women in the film
2) They must have at least one conversation with each other
3) It must also include something besides men
Even on modern day films many of them fail this test and women are still portrayed as just a object of desire.
Richard Dyer as a theory that stereotypes come down to power. Dyer argues that how people are seen in the media affects how they are treated in real life by society.
Barthes looks at mythology, in regards to people and places.He suggests the media often gives us mythic representations or a fairytale-like portrayal of a particular place or person.
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